Indonesia generates vast quantities of agricultural and industrial biomass residues — from palm oil empty fruit bunches and palm kernel shells to sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, and organic industrial effluents — that represent significant untapped energy potential. Converting these materials to energy through biogas, direct combustion, co-firing with coal, or thermochemical upgrading can reduce fossil fuel consumption, lower GHG emissions, generate carbon credits, and in some cases create new revenue streams.