Increased development of Variable Renewables (VREs) and Electric vehicles (EVs) are important for decarbonization. However, integrating VRE and EVs into the grid poses challenges, which can be addressed through energy storage technologies. Lithium-ion batteries, due to their cost-effectiveness and functionality, are the preferred option for energy storage. However, the environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries, from extraction to disposal, need to be considered.